Eighth+Grade+Apps

__ ELA __
 * BELOW, YOU WILL FIND YOUR EIGHTH GRADE COMMON CORE STANDARDS**
 * PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ADD ANY ADDITIONAL __APPS__ TO THE APPROPRIATE STANDARDS **

__**8th Grade LA**__

READING LITERARY (RL) Key Ideas and Details Middle School English ELACC8RL1: Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

ELACC8RL2: Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary of the text.

ELACC8RL3: Analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a story or drama propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision.

Craft and Structure ELACC8RL4: Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including analogies or allusions to <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">other texts.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RL5: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Compare and contrast the structure of two or more texts and <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">analyze how the differing structure of each text contributes to its meaning and <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">style.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RL6: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Analyze how differences in the points of view of characters and <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the audience or reader (e.g., created through the use of dramatic irony) create <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">such effects as suspense or humor.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Integration of Knowledge and Ideas <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RL7: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script, evaluating the <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">choices made by the director or actors.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RL9: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">such as the Bible, including describing how the material is rendered new.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RL10: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature,including stories, dramas, and poems, at the high end of grades 6-8 text <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">complexity band independently and proficiently

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">READING INFORMATIONAL (RL) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Key Ideas and Details <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELA <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">CC8RI1: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. USA Today <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI2: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">provide an objective summary of the text.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI3: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Analyze how a text makes connections among and distinctions <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">between individuals, ideas, or events (e.g., through comparisons, analogies, or <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">categories).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Craft and Structure <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI4: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including analogies or <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">allusions to other texts.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI5: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">including the role of particular sentences in developing and refining a key <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">concept.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI6: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">viewpoints.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Integration of Knowledge and Ideas <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI7: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">mediums (e.g., print or digital text, video, multimedia) to present a particular <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">topic or idea.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI8: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">sufficient; recognize when irrelevant evidence is introduced.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI9: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">information on the same topic and identify where the texts disagree on <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">matters of fact or interpretation.

ABC News <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8RI10: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

English Listening and Reading- Encyclopedic Knowledge for Middle School

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">WRITING (W) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Text Types and Purposes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W1: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Introduce claim(s), acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text. c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">d. Establish and maintain a formal style. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W2: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> c. Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">d. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">e. Establish and maintain a formal style. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">f. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W3: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally and logically. b. Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, and reflection, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">c. Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence, signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another, and show the relationships among experiences and events. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">d. Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey experiences and events. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">e. Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Production and Distribution of Writing <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W4: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing typesare defined in standards 1–3 above.) ELACC8W5: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed. (Editing for conventions should demonstrate command of Language standards 1–3 up to and including grade 8.) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W6: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing & present the relationships between info. and ideas efficiently as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Research to Build and Present Knowledge <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W7: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allowfor multiple avenues of exploration. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W8: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W9: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literature (e.g., "Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">works such as the Bible, including describing how the material is rendered new"). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">relevant and sufficient; recognize when irrelevant evidence is introduced"). ​ Read N Respond <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Range of Writing <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8W10: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. Book Chat

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">SPEAKING AND LISTENING

English Listening and Reading - Encyclopedic Knowledge for Middle School

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Comprehension and Collaboration <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8SL1: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">grade 8 topics and texts, building others' ideas and expressing their own clearly. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence on <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the topic, text, or issue to probe and reflect on ideas under discussion. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">needed. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">c. Pose questions that connect the ideas of several speakers and elicit elaboration and respond to others’ questions and comm <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ents with relevant <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">evidence, observations, and ideas. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">d. Acknowledge new information expressed by others, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views and understanding in light of the <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">evidence presented. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8SL2: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Analyze the purpose of information presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and evaluate the <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">motives (e.g., social, commercial, political) behind its presentation. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8SL3: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Delineate a speaker’s argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and relevance and sufficiency of the <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">evidence and identifying when irrelevant evidence is introduced.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8SL4: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and well-chosen details; use appropriate eye contact, adequate volume, and clear pronunciation. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8SL5: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add i nterest. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8SL6: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate. (See grade <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8 Language standards 1 and 3 for specific expectations.)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">LANGUAGE (L) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conventions of Standard English <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8L1: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Form and use verbs in the active and passive voice.

Grammar Express: Active & Passive Voice Lite

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">c. Form and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive mood. d. Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb voice and mood.* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8L2: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. a. Use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Use an ellipsis to indicate an omission. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">c. Spell correctly.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Knowledge of Language <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8L3: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Use verbs in the active and passive voice and in the conditional and subjunctive mood to achieve particular effects (e.g., emphasizing the actor or the action; <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">expressing uncertainty or describing a state contrary to fact).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Vocabulary Acquisition and Use

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8L4: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words or phrases based on grade 8 reading and content, choosing flexibly from <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a range of strategies. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a. Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word’s position or function in a sentence) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">precede, recede, secede). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">c. Consult general and specialized reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning or its part of speech

Dictionary.com

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">d. Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8L5: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings. a. Interpret figures of speech (e.g. verbal irony, puns) in context. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">b. Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">c. Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">bullheaded, willful, firm, persistent, resolute). <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ELACC8L6: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.

__ MATH __ App: [|Free Graphing Calculator] App: [|TI-Nspire] App: [|Middle School Math HD] App: [|Elevated Math] App: [|Math.] App: [|Transformations] App: [|Symmetry Shuffle] App: [|Sum of the Exterior Angles of Polygons] App: [|Geoboard] App: [|Pythagoras] App: [|Zombies vs. Exponents] [|Geoboard] App: [|Function Machine]
 * Understand congruence and similarity using physical models, transparencies, or geometry software. **
 * MCC8.G.1 ** Verify experimentally the properties of rotations, reflections, and translations: a. Lines are taken to lines, and line segments to line segments of the same length. b. Angles are taken to angles of the same measure. c. Parallel lines are taken to parallel lines.
 * MCC8.G.2 ** Understand that a two-dimensional figure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, and translations; given two congruent figures, describe a sequence that exhibits the congruence between them.
 * MCC8.G.3 ** Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations and reflections on two-dimensional figures using coordinates.
 * MCC8.G.4 ** Understand that a two-dimensional figure is similar to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, translations, and dilations; given two similar two-dimensional figures, describe a sequence that exhibits the similarity between them.
 * MCC8.G.5 ** Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and the angle-angle criterion for similarity of triangles.
 * Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem. **
 * MCC8.G.6 ** Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.
 * MCC8.G.7 ** Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.
 * MCC8.G.8 ** Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.
 * Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres. **
 * MCC8.G.9 ** Know the formulas for the volume of cones, cylinders, and spheres and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
 * Work with radicals and integer exponents. **
 * MCC8.EE.1 ** Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions.
 * MCC8.EE.2 ** Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x2 = p and x3 = p, where p is a positive rational number. Evaluate square roots of small perfect squares and cube roots of small perfect cubes. Know that √2 is irrational.
 * MCC8.EE.3 ** Use numbers expressed in the form of a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other.
 * MCC8.EE.4 ** Perform operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used. Use scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements of very large or very small quantities (e.g., use millimeters per year for seafloor spreading). Interpret scientific notation that has been generated by technology.
 * Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations. **
 * MCC8.EE.5 ** Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways.
 * MCC8.EE.6 ** Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line in the coordinate plane; derive the equation y = mx for a line through the origin and the equation y = mx+b for a line intercepting the vertical axis at b.
 * Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations. **
 * MCC8.EE.7 ** Solve linear equations in one variable.
 * MCC8.EE.7a ** Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of these possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into simpler forms, until an equivalent equation of the form x = a, a = a, or a = b results (where a and b are different numbers).
 * MCC8.EE.7b ** Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive property and collecting like terms.
 * Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations. **
 * MCC8.EE.8 ** Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
 * MCC8.EE.8a ** Understand that solutions to a system of two linear equations in two variables correspond to points of intersection of their graphs, because points of intersection satisfy both equations simultaneously.
 * MCC8.EE.8b ** Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically, and estimate solutions by graphing the equations. Solve simple cases by inspection.
 * MCC8.EE.8c ** Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to two linear equations in two variables.
 * Know that there are numbers that are not rational, and approximate them by rational numbers. **
 * MCC8.NS.1 ** Know that numbers that are not rational are called irrational. Understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion; for rational numbers show that the decimal expansion repeats eventually, and convert a decimal expansion which repeats eventually into a rational number.
 * MCC8.NS.2 ** Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers, locate them approximately on a number line diagram, and estimate the value of expressions (e.g., π2).
 * Define, evaluate, and compare functions. **
 * MCC8.F.1 ** Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output.
 * MCC8.F.2 ** Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
 * MCC8.F.3 ** Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear.
 * Use functions to model relationships between quantities. **
 * MCC8.F.4 ** Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value of the function from a description of a relationship or from two (x, y) values, including reading these from a table or from a graph. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models, and in terms of its graph or a table of values.
 * MCC8.F.5 ** Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph (e.g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear). Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally.
 * Investigate patterns of association in bivariate data. **
 * MCC8.SP.1 ** Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities.Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association.
 * MCC8.SP.2 ** Know that straight lines are widely used to model relationships between two quantitative variables. For scatter plots that suggest a linear association, informally fit a straight line, and informally assess the model fit by judging the closeness of the data points to the line.
 * MCC8.SP.3 ** Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercept.
 * MCC8.SP.4 ** Understand that patterns of association can also be seen in bivariate categorical data by displaying frequencies and relative frequencies in a two-way table. Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing data on two categorical variables collected from the same subjects. Use relative frequencies calculated for rows or columns to describe possible association between the two variables.